Founding Brothers Essay Example for Free

Founding Brothers Essay The novel, Founding Brothers, written by Joseph Ellis is a thought provoking novel on the intertwined lives of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr and Ben Franklin. Ellis calls the 1790’s the most decisive decade in our country. The author exemplifies three major points in our nation’s history: George Washington and his prominent legacy; the collaborative yet antagonistic relationship between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams; and the many problems of the young union during its revolutionary era. George Washington was a monumental character and played a vital role in the molding of our country. Although, his reputation was nearly impeccable, he was great in stature, standing at six foot four. The farewell address was a key element to Washington’s legacy. In this he displayed how grateful he was to have such a remarkable opportunity to serve his country, although this only was the beginning part of his speech. Secondly he decided to stress the importance of the union. But it started in 1776 when Washington was being described as â€Å"Father of our Country† prematurely. Even Ben Franklin acknowledged Washington’s supremacy. In the 1790’s Washington was well known, he was the presiding officer at the Constitutional Convention and the chief executive of the federal government. â€Å"Washington was the core of gravity that prevented the American Revolution from flying off into random orbits, the stable center around which the revolutionary energies formed† (Ellis 121). He impacted the government tremendously with his way of thinking and his attitude toward the need for national unity. He talked about independence from foreign nations; he devoted several paragraphs to this in his in his address. Washington always made the well- being of the country first. For example, when Continental Congress wanted help the French with an invasion of Canada, Washington opposed. He feared that that putting the France in possession of that capital that they would become greedy, and doubted that they would withdraw once they were ensconced in Canada. I think that he may have felt that also, America was young and still growing as a country. He was criticized for this decision. In closing on Washington’s legacy, I feel that there were many reasons why he retired. In short, he was just getting old and probably couldn’t take the political pressure. He was also going through a physical decline. Washington intended for his farewell address to be advice to his countrymen. He wanted them to sustain without, and without a king. Adams and Jefferson were indeed friends but had different agendas on how the country should be run. Their relationship was unique; they were great friends but even better competitors. The presidency drove them apart. Adams was a federalist, and Jefferson was a democratic republican so to speak. Through the Continental congress and diplomatic missions they became close friends. As they worked more together Adams developed more respect Jefferson, although he was less effusive. The low point of their relationship was definitely after the election in 1800. After this their relationship became more antagonistic. As politicians and colleagues they went through many phases. After the election they did not speak for a long 12 years. Adams felt that Jefferson had betrayed their friendship. After the death of Jefferson daughter, Abigail Adams began to exchange letters of condolences. Jefferson confused it as an invitation to reconcile with Adams family. The two disputed briefly, John didn’t find out until several months later. Finally in January of 1812, Adams sent a letter from Quincy to Monticello. â€Å"Why then, did Adams take the fateful step, which led to a fourteen year exchange of 158 letters, a correspondence that is generally regarded as the intellectual capstone to the revolutionary generation and the most impressive correspondence between prominent states in all of American history† (Ellis 223)? For the last 15 years of their lives they contacted each other through letters and rebuilt their friendship. On the 50th Anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of the Independence, both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died within hours of each other. They will never be forgotten for the inevitable and timely contributions to our young country. In the introduction Ellis describes the American Revolution perfectly with the statement â€Å"No event in American history which was so improbable at the time has seemed as inevitable in retrospect as the American Revolution†. America’s victory seemed beyond improbable seeing as how England had the greatest army of the Revolutionary era. The young colonists chose to seek out alliances with the French, Dutch, and Spanish due to their lack of monetary resources, experience or even the pure man power. British beforehand, even tried attacking the colonists politically which had their in leading to an inevitable rebellion. They initiated taxes, and other events such as the Boston Massacre took place that ignited the young colonists to take stand against Great Britain. Though faith, inspiration and prosperity the Americans shocked the world, defeated the odds and took the victory in 1783, securing their new independent world. This victory inspired countries worldwide to rebel against the tyrannical empires that were controlling them. This victory is evident in today’s society as America thrives as country that influences others and still is, independent. Founding Brothers truly exposes a much more personal point of view of our founding fathers and their irrefutable destiny. Joseph Ellis targets critical elements of their and what they thought was best for the young country of America. They molded something bigger than themselves during this revolutionary era. The author really brings to life the intricate detail of Washington’s legacy and the partnership between two great leaders Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. Joseph Ellis’ statement was more than valid; it justifies American in a few short words.

Impact Of Globalization And Challenges Faced By It Economics Essay

Impact Of Globalization And Challenges Faced By It Economics Essay As a term globalisation is defined as the merging of the economies and societies all over the world. Out of the few hundred definitions we are going to see some of the definition concerned with the global economy and business perspective. It can be defined as is the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation and communication, and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flows of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and people across borders (Joseph Stiglitz, 2003, pg :22). Expanding, developing, and speeding up of global interconnectedness is meant as globalisation (Held, 1999). Globalisation is a fashionable word to describe trends perceived to be dramatically and relentlessly increasing connections and communications among people regardless of nationality and geography (Tobin, 1999). Globalisation trend in the past golden years First thing that strikes us about globalisation is the sharp expansion of the financial and trade market and the government declining in its power in the past two decades. But globalisation has undergone a series of different stages in the early eras. There are several stages of globalisation according to Alex MacGillivray (2006) which we are going to see in detail in this section. Iberian Carve up (1490-1815): During this period the Spain and the Portugal with the support of the Pope started the colonial competition around the world with the long distance trade. Britannic meridian (1815- 1914): During this period the British Empire leaded the imperial power which enforced the global gold standard and it created round the world shipping. Sputnik World (1914-68): This was period in this decolonization took place which lead the USA and Soviet Union to struggle for the influence in the world. There was a rapid economic growth along this period. Global Supply Chain (1968-2001): This was the real golden period of globalisation where the entire world was interconnected by supply-chains, internet and the mobile phones. The global free market was growing rapidly and effectively in this period of globalisation stage. Thermo Globalisation (2001- till date): This is the current situation where the countries are united and struggling to prove their best in the competitive global market with the other countries. The global communication system and development in the global trade and commerce is blooming at very rapid rate. The recent tends of the effects of the Globalisation in the world. World GDP real growth rate (%) Table1: World GDP rate, (CIA 2010). Figure 1: World Inflation rate, from 2000 to 2009 (CIA 2010). The GDP growth of world was increasing from the year 2002 to 2008 due to increase in the globalisation trend. Due to out sourcing of jobs and increasing the choice in the product in the global market the GDP rate of the each country increases. Even though the GDP growth increases overall but when we come to the GDP growth in regards to each and every country the developed countries is higher than the developing countries. The wages paid for the out sourced jobs are less compared to that paid in their own countries. World Inflation rate (%) Table2: World Inflation rate, (CIA 2010). Figure 2: World Inflation rate, from 2000 to 2009 (CIA 2010). Due to the increase in the globalisation the inflation rate is decreased drastically and now it is maintained due to increasing global market. The employment rate is increasing due to globalisation are certain parts of the world and they even decrease the employment rates especially in developed countries. All these are described in detail in the further sections of the paper. CHAPTER 2 Is Globalisation a Good Thing? There is a heated debate about the true effects of globalisation and if it really is such a good thing. Good or bad, though, there isnt much argument as to whether or not it is happening. Lets look at the positives and negatives of globalisation, and you can decide for yourself whether or not it is the best thing for our world. Positive impact of Globalisation Globalisation has sea of positive aspects in the development and the improvement of the countrys GDP growth, employment rate and the world market. The paper is going to discuss about the positive factors of globalisation. The global economic resources are circulated all over the world which increases the economic linkage. The commodity, services, capital and human resources has a free flow between the national boundaries. The free trade between countries are increased. Due to this there is an increase in demand which in turn increases the production sectors. Since there is always a competition in the world market the possibly of inflation is reasonably less and the innovative ideas will increase to meet the competition. The communication among the countries is increases this develops the understanding between nations and we have a cultural interchanges among countries (Burande 2006). There is a greater access to foreign culture in the form of movies, music, food, clothing, and more due to this the global village dream becomes more realistic. We dont have a single power ruling the world after the increase in globalisation so the focus is segregated among all the countries in the world. The standard of living in the developing countries will increase due to the increase in the flow of money. The developing countries are able use the current technologies without problems associated with the development of the technology. The war between the developed countries is decreases due to equality in power. The developed countries can increase the investment on the developing countries due to increase in the liquidity of capital (Poux 2007). The environmental conditions in developed countries are increased. The countries tend to move towards democratic policies. International trade and tourism increases due to increase in globalisation. Due to free circulation of people from different countries is increased this in turn leads to social benefits. Global environmental problems like cross-boundary pollution, over fishing in oceans, climate changes are solved by discussions. International criminal courts and International justice movements are launched to control the crime. The standards applie d globally like the patents, copyright laws and the world trade agreements are increased and standardised. The local consumer products are exported in the global market which in turn increases the GDP growth of the countries. The subsidies for the local businesses are decreased. Free trade zones are formed which has less or no tariff rates. Challenges faced due to Globalisation Globalisation has lots of challenges to be faced in the both developed and developing countries. It creates inequality in income and lots of other issues which the paper discusses in this section. The benefits of globalisation are not universal. The rich are getting richer and the poor are becoming poorer. Due to globalisation the major issue is the outsourcing, which provides jobs population in one country and takes away jibs from other countries which lead many without opportunities.   Europeans lose their jobs as the work is being outsourced to the Asian countries. The cost of labour in the Asian countries is low as compared to other countries. The high rate of profit for the companies, in Asia, has resulted in a pressure on the employed Europeans, who are always under the threat of the business being outsourced. This in turn has led to exploitation of labour. Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane conditions. Safety standards are ignored to produce cheap goods. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs. Now people live in constant dread of losing their jobs to competition (Lovekar n.d.). Increased job competition has led to reduction in wages and conseq uently lower standards of living. Local industries are being taken over by foreign multinationals. The increase in prices has reduced the governments ability to sustain social welfare schemes in developed countries. There is increase in human trafficking. Multinational Companies and corporations which were previously restricted to commercial activities are increasingly influencing political decisions. Large Western-driven organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank make it easy for a developing country to obtain a loan. However, a Western-focus is often applied to a non-Western situation, resulting in failed progress. Companies are as opening their counterparts in other countries (Fischer, 2003). This results in transferring the quality of their product to other countries, thereby increasing the chances of depreciation in terms of quality. The threat that the corporate would rule the world is on high, as there is a lot of money  invested by them. It is often argued that poor countries are exploited by the richer countries where the work force is taken advantage of and low wages are implemented. Although different cultures from around the world are able to interact, they begin to meld, and the contours and individuality of each begin to fade. Bad aspects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV and the Internet. There are experts who believe that Globalisation is the cause for the invasion of communicable diseases and social degeneration in countries. There may be invasive species that could prove devastating in non-native ecosystems. There is little international regulation, an unfortunate fact that could have dire consequences for the safety of people and the environment. Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor regulation of pollution. Terrorists have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to inflict damage. Terrorists use the Internet for communicating am ong themselves. Comparison between Benefits and Challenges No. Benefits of Globalisation Challenges of Globalisation 1 Economies of countries  that engage well with the international economy have consistently  grown much faster  than those countries that try to protect themselves. Well managed open economies have grown at rates that are on average 2  ½ percentage points higher than the rate of growth in economies closed to the forces of globalisation. There are  social and economic costs  to globalisation. Trade liberalisation rewards competitive industries and penalises uncompetitive ones, and it requires participating countries to undertake economic restructuring and reform. While this will bring benefits in the long term, there are dislocation costs to grapple with in the immediate term, and the social costs for those affected are high. 2 Countries which have had faster economic growth have then been able to  improve living standards and reduce poverty. India has cut its poverty rate in half in the past two decades. China has reduced the number of rural poor from 250 million in 1978 to 34 million in 1999. Cheaper imports also make a wider range of products accessible to more people and, through competition, can help promote efficiency and productivity. Some countries have been unable to take advantage of globalisation and their  standards of living are dropping further behind the richest countries. The gap in incomes between the 20% of the richest and the poorest countries has grown from 30 to 1 in 1960 to 82 to 1 in 1995. 3 Improved wealth through the economic gains of globalisation has led to improved access to health care and clean water which has increased life expectancy. More than 85 percent of the worlds population can expect to live for at least sixty years (thats twice as long as the average life expectancy 100 years ago!) Increased trade and travel have  facilitated the spread of human, animal and plant diseases, like HIV/AIDS, SARS and bird flu, across borders. The AIDS crisis has reduced life expectancy in some parts of Africa to less than 33 years and delays in addressing the problems, caused by economic pressures, have exacerbated the situation. Globalisation has also enabled the  introduction of  cigarettes and tobacco  to developing countries, with  major adverse health and financial costs  associated with that. 4 Increased global income and reduced investment barriers have led to an increase in foreign direct investment which has accelerated growth in many countries. In 1975, total foreign direct investment amounted to US$23 billion while in 2003 it totalled US$575 billion. The increasing interdependence of countries in a globalised world makes them  more vulnerable to economic problems like the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. 5 Improved environmental awareness and accountability has contributed to  positive environmental outcomes  by encouraging the use of more efficient, less-polluting technologies and facilitating economies imports of renewable substitutes for use in place of scarce domestic natural resources. The  environment has been harmed  as agricultural, forest, mining and fishing industries exploit inadequate environmental codes and corrupt behaviour in developing countries. Agricultural seed companies are destroying the biodiversity of the planet, and depriving subsistence farmers of their livelihood. 6 Increasing interdependence and global institutions like WTO and World Bank, that manage the settlement of government-to-government disputes, have  enabled international political and economic tensions to be resolved  on a rules based approach, rather than which country has the greatest economic or political power. Importantly it has  bolstered peace  as countries are unlikely to enter conflict with trading partners and poverty reduction helps reduce the breeding ground for terrorism. The major economic powers have a major influence in the institutions of globalisation, like the WTO, and this can  work against the interests of the developing world. The level of agricultural protection by rich countries has also been estimated to be around five times what they provide in aid to poor countries 7 Improved technology  has  dramatically  reduced costs and prices  changing the way the world communicates, learns, does business and treats illnesses. Between 1990 and 1999, adult illiteracy rates in developing countries fell from 35 per cent to 29 per cent. Trade liberalisation and  technological improvements change the economy of a country,  destroying traditional agricultural communities  and allowing cheap imports of manufactured goods. This can lead to unemployment if not carefully managed, as work in the traditional sectors of the economy becomes scarce and people may not have the appropriate skills for the jobs which may be created. 8 Modern communications  and the global spread of information have contributed to the toppling of undemocratic regimes and a growth in liberal democracies  around the world. Modern communications  have spread an awareness of the differences between countries, and  increased  the  demand for migration  to richer countries. Richer countries have tightened the barriers against migrant workers, xenophobic fears have increased and people smugglers have exploited vulnerable people. 9 The voluntary adoption by global companies of  workplace standards  for their internationalised production facilities in developing countries has made an important contribution to respect for international labour standards. Wages paid by multinationals in middle- and low-income countries are on average 1.8 to 2.0 times the average wages in those countries. Globalised competition can force a race to the bottom in wage rates and labour standards. It can also foster a  brain drain of skilled workers, where highly educated and qualified professionals, such as doctors, engineers and IT specialists, migrate to developed countries to benefit from the higher wages and greater career and lifestyle prospects. This creates severe skilled labour shortages in developing countries. 10 International migration has led to greater recognition of diversity and  respect for cultural identities  which is improving democracy and access to human rights. Indigenous and national culture and languages  can be eroded  by the modern globalised culture. Sources Source: Aus AID, 2004,  http://www.ausaid.gov.au/ Source: The World Bank, 2004,  http://www.worldbank.org/ CHAPTER 3 Impact on developed countries Advantages in Developed Countries: Diversification: The get diversified into the hi-tech industries due to the Globalisation and improvement in the global market. Production: The productivity improves due to more demand all over the world in the world market. The need for the product increases which in turn increases the productivity. Benefits: They become very beneficial since most of their needs are met by the foreign markets which might cost more in the local market. Disadvantages in Developed Countries: Losing of Jobs: The jobs are transferred to the poorer countries so that the companies need not pay high wages for the jobs done. This in turn reduces the jobs opportunities in developed countries. Reduction in taxes: The taxes paid on their products are reduced due to increase the sales in the world market which decreases their welfare benefits. Difference in rich and poor: The rich becomes higher in their standard of living and the poor remains the same or they might even get down in their standard of living. Impact on developing countries Advantages in Developing Countries: GDP Increase: If the statistics are any indication, GDP of the developing countries have increased twice as much as before. Per capita Income Increase: The wealth has had a trickling effect on the poor. The average income has increased to thrice as much. Unemployment is Reduced: This fact is quite evident when you look at countries like India and China. Education has Increased: Globalisation has been a catalyst to the jobs that require higher skill set. This demand allowed people to gain higher education. Competition on Even Platform: The companies all around the world are competing on a single global platform. This allows better options to consumers. Disadvantages in Developing Countries: Uneven Distribution of Wealth: Wealth is still concentrated in the hands of a few individuals and a common man in a developing country is yet to see any major benefits of Globalisation. Income Gap between Developed and Developing Countries: Wealth of developed countries continues to grow twice as much as the developing world. Different Wage Standards for Developing Countries: A technology worker may get more value for his work in a developed country than a worker in a developing country. Reversal of Globalisation: In future, factors such as war may demand the reversal of the Globalisation (as evident in inter world war years), current process of Globalisation may just be impossible to reverse. Conclusion Globalisation has both positive and negative impact on all the countries in the world market. Globalisation has lots of positive impact on developing countries like the increase in the GDP growth, increase in employment rate, diversification of products and services and lots more. On developed countries also it has positive impact like the increase in standard of living, purchase of foreign goods at cheaper rates compare to local market and many more. Even though it has lots of positive impact on each and every economy it has a greater amount of negative impact on the economies. The individualistic cultural and behavioural aspects of the economy are badly getting affected. The best goods produced in a country are exported, for making the maximum profit which in turn gives the local market the next grade or the lower grade products. The employment rates in the developed countries decreases due to outsourcing of the jobs. Even though globalisation is very important and a necessary fact or in everyday life the negative impact of it affects certain parts of our own nation. The benefits of it are not equally spread all over the world and within the nations. When it is researched more the challenges caused due to globalisation is more than the benefits of it. But at the same time globalisation is necessary for certain period of each ones life. So Globalisation is even more effective and more beneficial if all the sectors of the world are considered as one. So this paper can be concluded by saying that globalisation has to overcome all its challenges to make it beneficial and best for the world. Case Study Emergence of Globalization in India History In early 1990s Indian economy was in major crisis. It faced major problems such as fiscal deficit was increasing; inflation was high at 17%; foreign currency reserves decreased to $1 billion; NRIs did not invest in India. When Shri P.V.Narasimha Rao became prime minister of India in 1992, he took measures to make the Indian economy one of the fastest growing economies in the world and implemented the new economic model known as Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization in India (LPG). Steps taken in LPG Model to Globalize Indian Economy Some of the steps taken in LPG Model to develop Indian economy were: Firstly, Indian currency was devaluated by 18 to 19% to solve the balance of payment problem. Secondly, to make the LPG model work smooth many of the public sectors were sold to the private sector to increase government cash reserves. Thirdly, allowing FDI in a wide range of sectors such as Insurance (26%), defence industries (26%) etc. Fourthly, quantitative restrictions on imports were removed. Fifthly, the peak customs tariff was reduced from 300% to 30%. Finally, facilities available for foreign investors were open to NRIs. Merits of Globalization in Indian Economy Globalization led to the following developments. They are: Firstly, increase in FDI investments helped in economic reconstruction. Secondly, faster exchange of information, partnering with other nations for joint ventures and cultural interaction helped India to globalise faster. Thirdly, changes in technological development improved Indian Economy. Fourthly, outsourcing jobs to India increased employment opportunities. Finally, opening of international market created more opportunities. Demerits of Globalization in Indian Economy Few disadvantages during globalization were: firstly, threat of multinational corporations with immense power ruling the globe. Secondly, colonization for smaller developing nations while undergoing changes. Finally, it can lead to threat of cultural imbalance and spread of communicable diseases. Contribution of Indian Industries for Development of Indian Economy The strength of Indian companies is seen in recent times when Indian companys started expanding their territories and acquisitions globally. Phenomenal growth of information technology provided employment opportunities and drastically changed living standards. Lately realised by most multinational companies that India has immense potential has increased industrial developments in India (Malik, 2009). For, continuous growth India should pay immediate attention to ensure rapid development in education, health, agriculture and mainly infrastructure so that rural economic developments and industrial developments happen much faster. India still has the problem of poverty. The welfare of a country does not percolate from the top, but should be built upon development from the bottom. Conclusion India gained highly from the LPG model as its GDP increased to 8.8% 2010 (Trading Economics, 2010). In respect of market capitalization, India ranks fourth in the world. But even after globalization, condition of agriculture has not improved. The share of agriculture in the GDP is only 17%. The number of landless families has increased and farmers are still committing suicide. But seeing the positive effects of globalization, it can be said that very soon India will overcome these hurdles too and march strongly on its path of development.

Marketing Plan For Airtel Broadband Services

Marketing Plan For Airtel Broadband Services Bharti Airtel (Airtel) is one of the leading providers of telecommunications services in India. The company offers mobile, wire line, broadband and television services. The telemedia services division which includes services like broadband etc recorded revenues of INR30,930.9 million ($674.9 million) in FY2009, an increase of 13.7% over 2008. Bharti Airtel enjoys 13% market share in the broadband market. The total subscribers for the Bharti broadband are 1.14 million. As per TRAIs annual report, the number of broadband subscribers is growing at a healthy rate of 44% year-on-year basis. The estimated total broadband subscribers by the end of financial year 2011 are going to be around 12.3 million. Internet access has become a necessary service. As per Data Monitor, the Indian internet access market grew by 24.7% in 2009 to reach a value of $2,979.3 million. In 2014, the Indian internet access market is forecast to have a value of $6,152.7 million, an increase of 106.5% since 2009. Broadband revolution is upon us, it will be next big thing to Wireless revolution India witnessed in the last decade. Hence it is imperative for Bharti Airtel to increase its footprint in broadband market. It cannot achieve its objective of being the number one telecom industry in India if it ignores this opportunity. In this report we will discuss the plan how Airtel should increase its market share. As a part of report, we have done the situational analysis of Airtel the broadband service provider, as well as the broadband market in India. Our objective is to penetrate the current broadband market. We have identified the market segment Airtel needs to target to achieve its objective. We have proposed marketing action programs considering the 4Ps i.e. Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. In the final section we have analysed the possible impact of these strategies on Airtels bottom line. Bharti Airtel Bharti Airtel Limited formerly known as Bharti Tele-Ventures LTD (BTVL) is an Indian company offering telecommunication services in 19 countries. It is the largest cellular service provider in India, with more than 140 million subscriptions as of July 2010. It offers fixed line services and broadband services. The company is structured into four strategic business units Mobile, Telemedia, Enterprise and Digital TV. The mobile business offers services in 18 countries across the Indian Subcontinent and Africa. Telemedia business provides broadband, IPTV and telephone services in 89 Indian cities. Digital TV business provides DTH TV services across India. Enterprise business provides end-to-end telecom solutions to corporate customers and national and international long distance services to telcos. Globally, Bharti Airtel is the 3rd largest in-country mobile operator by subscriber base, behind China Mobile and China Unicom. Airtel Broadband Services Airtel is the largest private operator having presence in the voice, broadband, IPTV and data. Since launch it has focused on SMB segment Broadband at Homes. It has launched several services the broadband category ranging from DSL with speed 256kbps to 16 mbps. Average Revenue per User ARPU for Quarter ended Jun10 $ 20.6 per month. This segment contributes to 7% of overall revenues of the company. The EBIDTA margin for the product is very high. The total subscribers for the Bharti broadband are 1.14 million. Currently Telemedia services which include broadband services contribute nearly 7% to the companys total revenue. It has its presence in 95 cities across India. Airtel Revenues: $8,150.2 million (FY2009), an increase of 38.3% over 2008. Business divisions Contribution Revenues 2009 Increase over 2008 Mobile services 80.5% $5,998.7 million 36.8% Telemedia services 9.1% $674.9 million 13.7% Enterprise services carrier 7.1% $527.7 million 10.6% Enterprise services corporate 3.3% $243.4 million 19.9% other operations 0.1% $7.9 million 7.2% Others 6.1% $453.9 million 29.6% Purpose and Mission Bharti Airtel recently announced in the Quarterly presentation to the investors there is strategy is Dominant Broadband in targeted 95 cities. With estimated total 12.3 million broadband subscribers in the financial year 2011, to gain about 17% market share the total number of Airtel subscribers needed to be nearly 2 million. Currently BSNL is a market leader with above 60% market share. Hence it is imperative for Bharti to increase its footprint in broadband market. It cannot achieve its objective of being the number one telecom industry in India if it ignores this opportunity. In this report we will discuss the plan how Airtel should increase its market share. The marketing objectives can be summarized as: Increase total number of subscribers to 2 million by the end of 2011. Resulting in capturing the market share of around 17% for broadband users. Increase the contribution of telemedia services which include broadband services to 10% Maintain EBITDA margin of atleast 44% Situational Analysis Current Products Airtel currently offers a number of plans at different prices to suit the requirements of the customers. A brief summary of the current plans is as follows: Plans Tariffs Features-offers Features-speed Airtel Surf Broadband plan Airtel Surf-749 Rs.749 per month  · Comes with Rs.100 free talktime on your Airtel mobile and Free calling value of Rs.100.  · Speed @ Day 256Kbps  · Free Calling Value Worth Rs. 100  · Speed @ Night 1Mbps  · Free Talktime Airtel Pre-paid Worth Rs. 100  · Data Transfer Limit 8GB Airtel Surf-899- Rs.899 per month  · Comes with Rs.100 free calling value on your Airtel fixed line.  · Speed @ Day 256Kbps  · Free Calling Value Worth Rs. 100  · Speed @ Night 256Kbps Airtel Swift Broadband Plan Airtel Swift-1099- Rs.1099 per month  · Free Calling Value Worth Rs. 100  · Browse and download fast at 512kbps.  · Speed @ Day 512Kbps  · Speed @ Night 512Kbps  · Data Transfer Limit Unlimited Airtel Turbo Broadband Plan Airtel Turbo-1299- Rs.1299 per month  · Comes with free world class games.  · Speed @ Day 512Kbps  · Free Calling Value Worth Rs. 100  · Speed @ Night 1Mbps  · Data Transfer Limit Unlimited Airtel Freedom Broadband Plan Airtel Freedom-1699- Rs.1699 per month  · Free Calling Value Worth Rs.100  · Speed 1Mbps  · Free Anti Virus Worth Rs.100  · Data Transfer Limit Unlimited  · Free Unlimited Gaming Worth Rs.199  · Download whatever, whenever without worrying about the bill  · Free Speed on Demand Worth Rs.100  · Free Online Desktop Worth Rs.99 Airtel Freedom-2999- Rs.2999 per month  · Free Calling Value Worth Rs.300  · High speed and unlimited downloads bundled with a host of exciting package.  · Free Anti Virus Worth Rs.100  · Speed 2Mbps  · Free Unlimited Gaming Worth Rs.199  · Data Transfer Limit Unlimited  · Free Online Desktop Worth Rs.99 Airtel Velocity Broadband Plan Airtel Velocity-8999- Rs.8999 per month  · No Free Calling Value  · Speed 50Mbps  · Free Anti Virus Worth Rs. 125  · Data Transfer Limit 200GB  · Free Unlimited Gaming Worth Rs. 199  · Free Online Desktop Worth Rs. 99 Airtel Velocity-7999- Rs.7999 per month  · No Free Calling Value  · Speed 30Mbps  · Free Anti Virus Worth Rs. 125  · Data Transfer Limit 200GB  · Free Unlimited Gaming Worth Rs. 199  · Free Online Desktop Worth Rs. 99 Airtel Velocity-4999- Rs.49999 per month  · Free Calling Value Worth Rs. 300  · Browse faster than ever before at 16Mbps.  · Free Anti Virus Worth Rs. 100  · Speed 16Mbps  · Free Unlimited Gaming Worth Rs. 199  · Data Transfer Limit 100GB  · Free Online Desktop Worth Rs. 99 Airtel Broadband Value Combo 749 Plan  · Monthly Commitment Rs.749  · Broadband Data Transfer Limit : Unlimited  · Free Call Value Rs.150  · Download Speed 256 Kbps Current distribution network In this segment, we try to analyze the distribution strategies of Airtel for its Broadband services, and try to compare and contrast them with the strategies employed by its main competitor in terms of market share, BSNL broadband. From the time of its launch, Airtel tried to position itself as a niche product, charging higher prices for similar products, and expecting the price differential to be covered by the value received by the end user in terms of after sales service, other Value Added Services, Customer Relationship Management etc. While this strategy helped it to gain a sizeable number of loyal customers, with very high preference for the brand Airtel, in absolute terms of market share, it was limited to around 8% of the total broadband market in India, compared to the over 50 % of share commanded by BSNL Broadband. Airtel focused on attracting customer attention and eventual conversion into customers, by the use of celebrities in advertisements, and trying to communicate its significant value proposition to target customers through these advertisements. The actual operational task of converting the interested segment into customers was left to a service agent, who conducted all transactions such as filling up of forms, payment of fees and delivery of modems and other paraphernalia at the place of choice of the customer, most often the place of installation, such as the residence or workplace. While this strategy ensured that the customer did not have to leave the comfort of his own environs for subscribing to an Airtel Broadband connection, it also meant that the visibility of Airtel in comparison to its significant competitors was always less. These factors together could be attributed a major portion of the blame for the comparatively low market share of Airtel. Performance: Airtel has performed at least as better, or in some cases, to a much higher standard, with comparison to its competitors, with respect to its backward chain. Airtel sources its modems from Beetel for its Indian and other South Asian markets, which are supplied to its distributors at the state and regional levels, through a dedicated chain of suppliers. Airtel has internally estimated the efficiency of its backward chain to be 99.9963 %( Source: Company Data), which shows its high dedication and expertise in this area. The distribution to customers is primarily, as mentioned above, through sales representatives, who directly visit the place of installation, and form, to a very high extent, the public image of the company and its products and services, for the general consuming population. BSNL/MTNL: While Airtel competes with many other service providers for the same market segment, BSNL as the major player and the one with the highest market share (on the basis of actual number of subscriber, BSNL has over 53% of the market share: 2009), deserves a special analysis, with focus on its distribution strategies. In the broadband market, BSNL entered with a significant advantage over its competitors. Till the past decade, BSNL was the only provider of fixed line telephones (MTNL for Mumbai and Delhi), and hence could provide the broadband services as a product bundle to its existing and new customers. This made attracting existing customers from BSNL, a major issue for new entrants into the market, as consumers were unlikely to switch from phone numbers and connections, which they had held, in most cases for over a period of 5 -10 years. BSNL focused on distribution of its broadband services through existing telephone exchanges, and its existing network of linemen who wer e already well known in their neighborhoods. This strategy, while playing on the familiar cues for the customers and increasing customer perceptions of trust, also reduced distribution costs for BSNL and led to lower per consumer cost as compared to other consumers. Its modems were sourced from Huawei, a Chinese firm, which again reduced capital costs. However, this had a significant downside in terms of quality of service, with complaints being lodged against disruptions in broadband services at an average estimated rate of 6.3 per day per 1000 consumers within 6 months of launch of the service ( Source : TRAI reports) Airtel realized that the existing strong BSNL telephony network, covering around 93 % of the urban fixed population, in 2000, was a major hindrance in its own growth, within one month of launch of its services, and tried to shift its marketing strategy accordingly, something which has been covered in detail in our analysis of Airtel marketing strategies. To give an overview, it has been established that Airtel launched a new bouquet of plans, immediately after launch, to attract the consumer surplus, by targeting the early adopters and pioneers, by providing services at differential prices, something that was not covered by BSNL. The most famous of these plans, is the Unlimited Plan which provided 256 kbps of speed at Rs. 599 per month, along with unlimited surfing and downloading. This product went on to revolutionize the market, with copycat products being launched by almost all competitors. Current Competitors The TRAI report FY 2010 related to broadband services describes the following subscriber base statistics for the major players in the sector. The total size of the subscriber base for broadband in this time period stood at 8773096. These figures can be further translated into a percentage wise holding which gives a clearer split of the market in terms of Airtel and its broadband competitors. Locations/Coverage: Except for MTNL which operates only in Mumbai and Delhi (and hence falls under category B), the others have a pan-India presence and fall under category A. BSNL of course, is present everywhere except for Mumbai and Delhi. An interesting case in is that of Hathway which offers broadband services only in Mumbai, New Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune, Nashik, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Mysore and Baroda but accounts for 3.5% of the subscriber base. In stark contrast is the Chennai based ISP Sify, which provides broadband in almost 86 cities across all states except for Himachal Pradesh and the northeastern states barring Assam, but still accounts for only 2.24% of the total subscriber base. Products/Packages: Most competitors offer packages in both prepaid and postpaid plans. Reliance and TATA offer wired as well as wireless connections, both are offered in prepaid and postpaid plans. A restriction could be placed on the amount of data downloaded in a plan or on the number of hours it could be used in a month, thereby making it a Limited plan. The opposite of this is the Unlimited plan. MTNL: MTNLs package is called the MTNL Triband. It offers unlimited plans in speeds ranging from a minimum of 320 KBps costing Rs. 395 per month all the way up to a maximum of 4 MBps costing Rs. 9999 per month. In the limited plans category, MTNL offers a basic plan for Rs. 49 per month for a variable speed from 256 KBps 2 MBps restricted by a limit of 200 MB per month. Anything beyond 200 MB will be charged at Re. 1.00 per MB. There is a variety of these plans which range up to Rs. 1499 per month for variable speeds from 256 KBps-4 MBps restricted by an 8 GB per month download limit and an additional charge at the rate of Re. 0.70 per MB BSNL: BSNL offers plans to the home user ranging from variable speeds of 256 KBp-2 MBps at a minimum monthly charge of Rs 125 restricted to 150 MB data download per month up to 2 MBps for minimum charge of Rs. 3300 per month. Marketing Strategy Segmentation Targeting The household penetration and number of Internet users in India saw growth of 2,243% from 2000-2007, whereas PC penetration increased by 267%. According to the statistics of the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), in 2007 33% of active Internet users in India are working men and 11% are working women. College students account for 21% and schoolchildren make up 14% of active Internet users. Older men and non-working women account for the remaining 21%. According to the association, 16.8 million active Internet users in 30 cities access the Internet from cybercafà ©s. However, the share of cybercafà © as main access point is falling as more people have the ability to access the Internet from their offices. This could be due to an increase in the number of people working in the IT/ITES sector. Usage of the Internet in schools and colleges increased due to the introduction of computers and the Internet in the educational system. Favourable broadband policy and other initiatives by the IT and Telecom Ministry have encouraged Internet use by the masses. Internet usage is mainly prevalent in urban areas since, as most of the content on the Internet is in English, its usage is restricted to the population familiar with English. Another barrier to increased Internet penetration is the exposure to using a PC. In the future, increased Internet penetration would depend on increased literacy, PC education and vernacular content on the Internet. Source: IAMAI Hence we can conclude that majority of the users of internet are College going students (21%) and working men (33%) and most of the users are English Speaking based out of cities. So we can deduct that the segmentation variables in our case would be Age Occupation Location As Airtel broadband has its presence in 95 cities hence the location part of the segment is already in place. Lets analyze the various segments: College Going Student: Heavy users of internet, Demand High speed network Working Professional: Largest in terms of market size Heavy users Demand for high speed network Non-working women Casual users, time spend on internet is much less than time spend by college going student and working professional Indifferent to network speed Price Sensitive Older Men Indifferent to network speed Price Sensitive School Children Limited purchasing power, generally provided by parents Airtel wants to increase its market share hence criteria for evaluation before targeting the market segment should be in line with marketing objectives. Hence to increase market penetration it can look at each segment based on; Market Size Extent of Usage Purchasing Power As market size is evident from the internet usage data provided by the IAMAI we can say Working professionals and college going student forms the majority of market share. For purchasing power we need to look at the average disposable income and monthly expenditure of the segments. Expenditure by Type of Household: 2009 Source: Euromonitor International Key: A. Food and non-alcoholic beverages B. Alcoholic beverages and tobacco C. Clothing and footwear D. Housing E. Household goods and services F. Health goods and medical services G. Transport H. Communications I. Leisure and recreation J. Education K. Hotels and catering L. Miscellaneous goods and services Non working woman, School going children, college going student have limited incomes however working professional can satisfy this criteria. As stated by above graph and average household spends about 8-15% of their income on communications. However, given the couple with children also spends nearly same amount of money on communications school going children can be indirectly targeted by targeting working professional Lets evaluate each market segment on these criteria by plotting a matrix and assigning grade points to each segment. (1 being lowest and 5 being highest) Evaluation Criteria Market Size Extent of Usage Purchasing power Total College Student 4 4 2 10 Working Professional 5 5 5 15 Non-working women 4 2 2 8 School Children 2 3 1 6 Older men 2 2 2 6 Hence we can say to meet our objectives we can target Working Professional and College going student. Sales objectives Let us analyze these two segments on the basis of meeting our sales objectives. Objective: Total Subscribers by 2011 = 2 million Current Subscribers = 1.14 million Additional Subscribers to be added for the next year = 0.86 million Expected Market size Segment 2010 2011 Net Increase College 1.8417 2.596797 0.755097 Working Professional 2.8941 4.080681 1.186581 Hence out of new added 1.94 million subscribers we need to target nearly 0.8 million subscribers to Airtel broadband. This assumption is totally based on new addition. Switchers can make the total subscribers to go beyond the stated objectives. So Target Segments for the AirTel Broad Band are College Going students and Working Professionals. Connections forecast: Subscribers Base (in millions) QE Mar 2009 QE Mar 2010 QE Jun 2010 Y-on-Y Growth QE Jun 2011 Broadband Connections (>=256 Kbps download speed) 6.22 8.77 8.960 41% 14.24(assuming 60% growth) Airtel Connections 0.87 1.1401 1.1648(13% of market share) 84% 2.4208(17% of market share) Revenue forecast: (in mn) Jun-09 Jun10 Y-on-Y Growth Jun 11 Total Revenue 8,551 8,960 5% 9408 EBITDA 3,466 3,938 14% 4489 EBIT 1,797 1,910 6% 2025 EBITDA / Total revenues 40.5% 44.0% Positioning Since college students and working professionals are the target segment for Airtel broadband, the following points can be defined: Point-of-Difference: Airtel should aim at being differentiated from its competitors on the following attributes: High Performance: Airtel should create a strong association between its offerings and high performance at the product/service level primarily by concentrating on providing extremely fast speeds consistent connection speeds across times and distance Reliability: Airtel broadband should concentrate on being characterized by high up times low failure rates and connection drops 24/7 customer assistance and support and reduction in service level agreement metrics like turnaround times and problem resolution times Affordability: Airtel sells its product offerings at a higher price compared to its competitors. This will work for professionals who are well settled and have a steady source of income, but not for college students and price sensitive young professionals who are just a few years into their careers. Customization: Airtel can do well to offer different propositions to different target segments based on an understanding of different needs that college students have from working professionals. This could translate into a better product-pricing offering that takes into account the Internet needs of the targeted users instead of just basing the proposition on speeds, time limits and prices. Points-of-Parity: High speed: Most consumers do tend to associate the word broadband with always-on Internet connections that offer perceptibly higher speeds than narrow band or dial-up connections. Based on these points and the target segment, we can arrive at a positioning strategy that is built around its product-pricing mix as follows: To College students and young working professionals Airtel Broadband offers the best broadband experience for every user Among all broadband providers Because it offers extremely high performance backed by reliability and affordability Pricing Comparison of Airtel Top 5 Selling Plans with Competition (BSNL) Provider Plan Cost GB Limit Download Speed Additional Download Rs/MB Others Airtel Impatience 799 799 5 2 0.2 BSNL BBG 700 4 Airtel Impatience 899 899 6 4 0.1 BSNL BB Home Combo ULF 900 900 UL 4 ( 256 (>8GB) NA Airtel Surf 599 599 3 0.5 0.2 BSNL BBG FN 500 500 2.5 0.6 Night UL Airtel Surf 699 699 4 1 0.2 BSNL BBG 700 700 4 0.5 Airtel Browser 899 Unlimited 899 UL 512 ( 256 (>8GB) NA BSNL BB Home Combo ULF 900 900 UL 4 ( 256 (>8GB) NA BSNL BB Home Combo UL 750 750 UL 512 NA A comparison of Airtels top selling plans with that of the competition shows clearly that the competition is available at a cheaper rate, on almost all the plans. However the difference is not much. Recommendation: Airtel should go in for a competition pricing strategy. Other Avenues BSNL Broadband also has the prepaid option. Just like a mobile phone, one can either buy a value card that will extend the download limit or a validity card that will extend the validity. It is easily possible for Airtel to match BSNL pricing in this regard. It would also benefit a number of sporadic and variable users of the Internet. Recommendations for Distribution Strategy: Based on this analysis, we wish to recommend certain changes in the distribution strategy for Airtel broadband services. The backward chain is operating at optimum, or better than optimum levels, and requires, at this time, no modifications. The forward chain,may however, be slightly modified to help us achieve our marketing objectives better. Some of these are listed below, and detailed financial analysis, may be done, based on data annexed to this report: Open new CSC centers: Existing Customer Service Centres are calculated to be at a density of 1 per 9.63 sq. km of urban area, whereas for the same regions, BSNL has telephone exchanges, which provide a large boutique of services at 1per 4.81 sq. km. Diversify scope of CSC centers: Current CSC centers have been reduced to bill collection and primary consumer redressal agencies, which does not provide significant per acreage returns. Other competitors of Airtel, especially in the GSM arena, such as Vodafone ( Vodafone Stores) and Reliance ( Reliance World), provide a wide variety of services and products at the same location. Airtel, due to its late adoption of this strategy, will have to primarily follow the trends set by the earlier entrants and try to consolidate its own position. This strategy has significant benefits, not only for broadband plans, but also for the entire range of products. Promotion Strategies: Airtel Broadband has a mix of current promotion strategies that pan across online paid ads, websites, tie-ups with major names in personal computer vendors, TV ads, print ads, cold calls. Some of them are cited below: Advertisements on Google and Facebook: One of the promotion strategies used by Airtel is use of ads on Google and Facebook. One such advertisement is show below: The advantage of such advertisements is that they reach out specifical

Teaching Status Report :: JPE Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Teaching Status Report A lot has changed since my last status report. I have essentially been teaching math lessons on my own since October 11th. It feels really good to have so much responsibility and to become an accepted part of the classroom. I am also realizing how lucky I am to have a cooperating teacher who I am so compatible with. In reference to classroom management and discipline, my cooperating teacher and I have become a team. When he is teaching I serve as another source of discipline, I can talk to students one-on-one who are causing trouble and I can provide help to students so my teacher can continue with the lesson. Furthermore, because I am still working on my authoritative side, when the class gets really out of control my cooperating teacher serves as a reminder that although I may be a student teacher I should be respected like the other teachers. In reference to my authoritative side, it is still a work in progress. I definitely have developed an ability to raise my voice and correct a student when they are misbehaving. However, I still have trouble when the entire class gets out of control and starts talking. Halloween definitely revealed this weakness, the Friday before this holiday was especially stressful because the students were so excited about their plans and had already began eating candy so they were very noisy and they did not want to learn. I tried my best to correct them but my cooperating teacher had to step in. Although I wish I could have handled the situation myself I know this skill of correcting the entire class will come with time and experience. My students’ behaviors and learning abilities are both disappointing and exciting to talk about. It amazes me that some students have the ability to work hard, regardless of their personal lives, and truly want to learn. However, there are some students who have absolutely no desire to be in school. My teacher is still working with the guidance office to see which students have IEPs and should not be in this classroom. I am really frustrated that no action has been taken yet, the school year is quickly going by and it is clear that some of these students need more help than my cooperating teacher and I can provide. Another interesting detail about this problem is that most of the IEPs are behavior related.

Spanish Colonialism and the Indigenous People of Bolivia Essay

Spanish Colonialism and the Indigenous People of Bolivia Prior to Spanish discovery of the new world, the area now known as Bolivia was home to three major ethnic and linguistic groups; the Uru, Aymara, and Quechua. The Uru lived on rafts, fishing and foraging along the shore of Lake Titicaca. The Aymara dominated the Uru, reducing their status to poor fishermen and landless workers. Aymara society was built upon a basic social unit of kinship that organized the distribution of labor, and this system, termed â€Å"ayllu,† was later adopted by conquering Quechua. The Aymara are known for their practice of ‘freeze drying’ potatoes high in the mountains, for their organized systems of irrigation, and their control of colonies in warm lowlands to produce food. By the early 15th century the Quechua dominated the northern highlands of the Andes, and by the later half of the century had adopted the name of their supreme ruler, the Inca. The Inca led a series of invasions into weakening Aymara kingdoms in the south Andean regio n. The Inca quickly became a successful empire, a relative ethnic minority which controlled a diverse region of peoples. Conquered groups were allowed to maintain local chiefs, cultures, religion and language, bound together only through payments and work for the Inca. The mita (forced labor) system facilitated the lives of common laborers and recruited soldiers while vast tracts of roadways allowed for trade between the high and lowlands. The Inca accumulated great wealth, thus significant artistic and architectural achievements were made with textiles, metal working, and the practice of fitting stones together for building without the use of mortar. Many of these walls survive today. Although the Aymara attem... ...t the year in search of temporary job opportunities. One might argue that indigenous groups continue to seek independence in the twenty-first century against a backdrop of capitalistic globalization, a lucrative drug trade, and struggles between conservative, liberal, and militant leaders. Works Cited Minahan, James. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Volume III. Westport Connectcut: Greenwood Press, 2002. S. Olson, James. The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Westport Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1991. Regional Surveys of the World: South America, Central America and the Caribbean. Ed. Jacqueline West. 10th ed. Europa Publications: Taylor and Francis Group, 2002 Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture: Volume I. Simon and Schuster, 1996. http://www.countryreports.org/history/bolihist.htm

Intelligence LED Policing (ILP) Essay

In the U. S. policing the ILP application has faced various challenges that has led to the complication of the policing model. On top of the 9/11 stimulation, the move towards ILP has been advanced by various initiatives of the public policy. Therefore, due to the varied demands, ILP has been integrated with community policing so as to achieve these new standards. Though widely used by the police services, ILP clarity in its definition and elementary conceptions has hardly been understood. ILP uses the intelligence from covert information as a resource for strategic planning rather than as a way of budding specific evidence for a case. It puts more emphasis on crime intelligence and data analysis in making decisions that smooth the progress of problem and crime reduction, distraction and preclusion by means of strategic management and enforcements strategies that are effective on inexhaustible and somber offenders and criminal groups. Moreover, through crime intelligence analysis, ILP identifies the criminal offenders as threats via a top-down approach that is managerially steered. Through this approach, is also deals with issues of public trust without necessarily involving crime control elucidation (Ratcliffe, 2008). In preventing past misconducts, this model organises a Compstat along the administrative units of the police to effect the changes. Through these Compstat meetings, crime patterns that occurred in the past are reviewed. In the review, commanders identify the hot spot for crime and disorder through crime analysis and necessary action is taken by the police officers. The combination of crime intelligence and crime analysis help direct the police resource decisions more objectively through prioritisation. In addition, the prevention of past crimes in achieved through the utilisation of the three i-models between the decision maker, crime intelligence analysis and the criminal environment. This model is made up of interpret, influence and impact. The decision makers have to bring impact to the criminal environment, the analysts for crime intelligence interpret this environment with intelligence to influence the decision makers (Ratcliffe, 2008).

Animal Cruelty Essay

Renà © Descartes, a famous philosopher, once argued that, â€Å"animals are not sentient- they are machines, like mechanical clocks, devoid of feelings and incapable of experiencing pleasure or pain† (Vaughn). Today, unlike Descartes, most people believe that animals are intrinsically or instrumentally valuable, also, whether they have or deserve any rights. Defining what cruelty is has been very subjective. To some people. An animal is just property and they can beat it around as much as they want, to others, animals are part of their family and they would never lay a finger on them. There is legislation against animal cruelty but because there is so much subjectivity, the legislation fails to deter people from abusing their animals. For there to be equal justice for animal cruelty people must agree on a completely objective definition of what is cruelty and what is not. see more:animal cruelty essay Legislation for animal cruelty varies state to stat. Ohio has laws for animal cruelty in general and a section for cruelty against companion animals. The law defines companion animals as â€Å"any animal that is kept inside a residential dwelling and any dog or cat regardless of where it is kept: (Ohio Cruelty). The law does not consider any livestock or wild animal as a companion animal. The legislation then goes into what it considers cruelty, torture, or neglect. The punishments outlined in the law include jail time, fines, and the removal of their animals. The one thing that is not counted for in this legislation is the emotional ties to the animal. Every person is emotionally attached to their animal in a different way. There is no real objective way to measure how much an animal means to a person. Just because a person is emotionally attached to their animal, that does not mean that they will not commit any act of cruelty against their animal. It is said that Michael Vick claimed to love his dogs even though he subjected them to fog fighting. It is possible that in him mind he truly believed he cared for his doffs. In less extreme cases, a person could love an animal but still strike it when it was bad, In their mind the dog was bad so it deserved to be beaten,. They just do not see that as being animal cruelty. Most people believe that it is wrong to be cruel to animals. Within  different societies, animals are treated differently. Depending on how and or where a person was raised, an animal could be a loved pet that is part of their family, or they could just treat it as property and a tool that is just there for their personal use. According to Ohio law if a person owns a dog then it is considered a companion animal, no matter if it is kept in their residential dwelling or not. IN one situation the owner keeps their dog in their house and it is a part of the family. They treat their dog like a baby, petting, playing, and cuddling with it. In another situation the owner keeps their fog outside and uses it as a watchdog. The only interaction with the dog is just checking to make sure it has food and water, and maybe a quick pat on the head, and gives it a â€Å"good dog† praise. It is quite easy to see that he first person loves their dog. It is not so easy to tell in the second si tuation. They may truly love their dog and that was how they were raised to treat it. They could also have emotional attachments to the dog, such as being proud, without really caring about the dog. Kind of like my dog is bigger than your dog pride. Within the law both situations are considered equal, even though they are unequal in the emotional attachment to their animals. Living in Ohio we are familiar with the Amish culture. They live a more simplistic life without modern technologies, usually farming. Amish are known for their horse-drawn buggies that they use to get around. They also use horses to help on the farm. To some of them, horses are merely a tool and once the horse gets too old and can no longer do what they need it to do, the kill it, To them that is just the way it is, they do not consider that being cruel, People outside the Amish lifestyle have tried to come in and rescue the horses so that they can continue to live, even though they cannot work anymore. Amish are also known for owning ‘Puppy Mills’. Puppy mills are breeding kennels in which dozens, or even hundreds, of dogs are allowed to live in small cages for their whole life, as long as they are given the basics, food, water, and shelter. (Puppy Mills) These mills are not illegal. Some of these Amish-owned [puppy mills treat their dogs very poorly. â€Å"The Amish say they raise dogs much as they would any other livestock, restricting the dogs  to small cages and killing the parents when they are no longer productive† (Hinds). To most people this sounds horrific because they consider them to be companions, not livestock. Animal cruelty is subjective, and that is why legislation is not working to stop it, there needs to be an objective measuring system to measure an animal’s current welfare. There is debate to what standards need to measure and of what weight to put on each of the standards. The one thing that is known is: â€Å"Defendable animal welfare standards require scientific knowledge about animal biology to determine their physiologic, health, environmental, an behavioral requirements. However it is important to note that ethical or value-based judgments provide the underpinning for the scientific questions posed† (Millman). By looking at an animal’s physical behavior, and other factors, and comparing them to the standards, the welfare of the animal can be determined. Millman was talking about measuring the welfare of livestock. The same theory can be applied to companion animals as well. If there are things that [people can look at to determine objectively that an animal is being related cruelly, then legislation will be able to be written that will apply to everyone and will work in every situation, no matter the emotional connection to the animal. Once there is an objective way to measure animal cruelty, the public need to be educated about it. IF more people know what exactly counts as animal cruelty, then they will be more likely to report it. Currently, shows like Animal Cops: Houston bring animal cruelty out of the shadows and show the public that animals are really being abused and that people do get punished for their actions. The Houston Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is just one of the numerous societies in the U.S. that are fighting against animal cruelty. It is said that â€Å"The HSPCA receives over 10,000 reports of animal cruelty or neglect each year† (About Animal Cops: Houston: Animal Planet). People need to be aware of animal abuse to be able to report it. â€Å"Without phone calls from concerned citizens, officials wouldn’t know about most instances of animal abuse. IT all comes from the public† (Maloney). Once people report cases than the people can actually be punished for their actions. In Ohio, Whoever violates the current animal abuse law can be convicted of a misdemeanor of several degrees, and possible a felony of a certain degree. The punishments include jail time and fines, along with the removal of the animal from the convicted person. Some people do not think that the current punishments are fair for the crimes committed. One study gave people different scenarios and asked them to rate the punishment that was given. The Study showed that people were speciesist and chose harsher punishments for abuse on certain animals like puppies as compared to other animals such as chickens. The study found that the most important factor of the punishment was restricting the perpetrator’s ability to adopt an animal in the future. The study also found that the crime type (abuse or neglect) and the crime outcome (life or death) were not strong variables of punishment ratings (Sims). In Some cases, the abuse or neglect of an animal was just because of ignorance. IN those cases the person usually would just be educated about the proper treatment of animals and would not be punished, unless they were found to have not changed and still committed the abuse even though they knew it was wrong. Each crime is different and is judge d by different people so the perpetrator’s punishment tends to vary a bit. IF there was an objective way of identifying animal cruelty then it would be easier to make punishments fairer. The key to fairly assessing animal cruelty is being able to objectively identify it. Once it becomes objective, emotional ties will not determine what is cruelly. People then need to be aware of what is considered animal cruelty and report it when the see it. After that the crime can be fairly punished.